Some PSUs in GOI

	Balmer & Lawrie Established in 1867 by two Scotsmen, George Stephen Balmer and Alexander Lawrie, the company represents a tradition of stability and resilience. High standards of customer service, innovative outlook and dedicated human resources have enabled the organization to achieve a leadership role in today's highly competitive markets. web site url : http://www.balmerlawrie.com
	Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL) Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL) is a Public Sector Undertaking engaged in mining of coal and allied activities. It occupies an important place in as much as it produces bulk of the coking coal mined in the country. BCCL meets almost5 50% of teh total prime coking coal requirement of the intregrated steel sector. It also supplies substantial quantity of coal to the pig iron sector and bulk of the coal requirement of the power station in the Northern region. web site url : http://www.bccl.nic.in/
	Bharat Dynamics Ltd BDL was established in July 1970 under the control of Ministry of Defence with the prime objective of establishing a production base for guided missiles in India. It is now one amongst a few strategic industries of the world having the capability to produce the most advanced guided missile systems for Armed Forces. web site url : http://bdl.ap.nic.in/
	Bharat Earth Movers Ltd Bharat Earth Movers Limited is a premier ISO 9001-2000 Company in India and the second largest manufacturer of earthmoving equipment in Asia. A four- decade-old multi-locational and multi-product company, BEML has vital applications in diverse sectors of economy such as coal, mining, steel, cement, power, irrigation, construction, road building and railway. It has expanded its product range to cover high-quality hydraulics, heavy-duty diesel engines, Welding robots and undertaking of heavy fabrication jobs. web site url : http://www.bemlindia.com/
	Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) BHEL manufactures over 180 products under 30 major product groups and caters to core sectors of the Indian Economy viz., Power Generation & Transmission, Industry, Transportation, Telecommunication, Renewable Energy, etc. The wide network of BHEL's 14 manufacturing divisions, four Power Sector regional centers, over 100 project sites, eight service centers and 18 regional offices, enables the Company to promptly serve its customers and provide them with suitable products, systems and services - efficiently and at competitive prices. web site url : http://66.39.99.160/bhel/
	Bharat Refractories limited Bharat Refractories limited, a public sector company under administrative control of ministry of steels, Govt. of India came into existence in 1974. Since inception, the company has crossed major milestones to become one of the largest refractory producers in India. The company is world renowned for its quality and has been successfully catering to the requirement of the steel industry and other users. web site url : http://www.bharatref.com/
	Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited(BSNL). On October 1, 2000 the Department of Telecom Operations, Government of India became a corporation and was christened Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited(BSNL). Today, BSNL is the No. 1 Telecommunications Company and the largest Public Sector Undertaking of India with authorized share capital of $ 3600 million and networth of $ 13.85 billion. It has a network of over 45 million lines covering 5000 towns with over 35 million telephone connections. web site url : http://www.bsnl.co.in/
	Bongaigaon Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd Bongaigaon Refinery & Petrochemicals Limited (BRPL) was incorporated as Government of India Undertaking under the administrative control of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas on 20th February 1974. The company became a subsidiary of IndianOil on 29th of March 2001 after disinvestments of share by Govt of India. web site url : http://www.brplindia.com/
	Cement Corporation of India Limited (CCI) Cement Corporation of India Limited (CCI) was incorporated as a Company wholly owned by Government of India on 18th January 1965 with the principal objective of achieving self sufficiency in cement production. The authorised and paid-up capital of the company as on 31.3.2003 was Rs. 700 crores and Rs. 428.28 crores respectively. web site url : http://business.vsnl.com/cci/
	Cental Coal Fields Ltd The Mission of CCL is to produce and market the planned quantity of coal and coal products efficiently and economically with due regard to safety, conservation and quality. web site url : http://ccl.cmpdi.co.in/
	Centre For Railway Information Systems Centre For Railway Information Systems is entrusted with the task of design, development and implementation of the Freight Operations Information Systems(FOIS), alongwith its associated communications infrastructure. The Centre started functioning from July,1987. It is a registered society having an autonomous status and headed by Managing Director . CRIS is mainly a project oriented organisation engaged in development of major computer systems on the Railways. web site url : http://www.cris.org.in/
	Coal India Ltd The company is incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 and is wholly owned by the Government of India (GOI). Company's objective is to promote the development and utilisation of the coal reserves in the country for meeting the present and likely future requirement of the nation with due regard to need for conservation of non-renewable resources and safety of mine workers. web site url : http://coalindia.nic.in/
	Engineers India Ltd Engineers India Limited was established in 1965 to provide engineering and related technical services for petroleum refineries and other industrial projects.In addition to petroleum refineries, with which EIL started initially, it has diversified into and excelled in other fields such as pipelines, petrochemicals, oil and gas processing, offshore structures and platforms, fertilizers, metallurgy and power. web site url : http://www.engineersindia.com/
	Erstwhile Gas Authority of India Limited(GAIL) GAIL (India) Ltd, (Erstwhile Gas Authority of India Limited) was set up by the Indian Government in August 1984 to create gas sector infrastructure for sustained development of the gas market in India. Primarily a natural gas company, it deals with all aspects of the gas-value chain, including exploration, production, transmission, extraction, processing, distribution and marketing of natural gas and its related process, products and services. web site url : http://www.gailonline.com/
	Food Corporation of India The Food Corporation of India was setup under the Food Corporations Act 1964, in order to fulfil objectives of the Food policy. Effective price support operations for safeguarding the interests of the farmers. Distribution of foodgrains throughout the country for Public Distribution System; and Maintaining satisfactory level of operational and buffer stocks of foodgrains to ensure National Food Security. web site url : http://fciweb.nic.in/
	Heavy Water Board Heavy Water Board (HWB), a constituent unit under Department of Atomic Energy, is primarily responsible for production of Heavy Water (D2O) which is used as a 'moderator' and 'Coolant' in the nuclear power as well as research reactors. HWB is successfully operating six Heavy Water Plants in the country. web site url : http://www.heavywaterboard.org/
	Hindustan Aircraft Limited HAL's supplies / services are mainly to Indian Defence Services, Coast Guard and Border Security Force. Transport aircraft and Helicopters have also been supplied to Airlines as well as State Governments of India. The Company has also achieved a foothold in export in more than 30 countries, having demonstrated its quality and price competitiveness. web site url : http://www.hal-india.com/
	Hindustan Insecticides Limited (HIL) HIL, a Government of India Enterprise under the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Deptt. Of Chemicals & Petrochemicals, Government of India, was incorporated Programme launched by the Government of India. Subsequently the Company diversified into agro pesticides to meet the requirements of agriculture sector, and has grown manifold, with a turnover of 1148 million rupees in 2001-02. Company has also entered into the field of safe and eco-friendly botanical and bio-pesticides for public health and plant protection. web site url : http://www.hil-india.com/
	Hindusthan Aeronautics Ltd The history of the Indian Aircraft Industry can be traced to the founding of Hindustan Aircraft Limited at Bangalore in December 1940 in association with the erstwhile princely State of Mysore and late Shri Seth Walchand Hirachand, an Industrialist of extra -ordinary vision. Govt. of India became one of its shareholders in March 1941 and took over the management in 1942. Hindustan Aircraft Limited was merged with Aeronautics India Limited and Aircraft Manufacturing Depot, Kanpur to form Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) on 01st October 1964. web site url : http://www.hal-india.com/
	Indian Oil Corporation Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IndianOil) is the country's largest commercial enterprise, with a sales turnover of Rs. 1,30,203 crore.IndianOil is India's No.1 Company in Fortune's prestigious listing of the world's 500 largest corporations, ranked 189 for the year 2004 based on fiscal 2003 performance. It is also the 19th largest petroleum company in the world. web site url : http://www.indianoilcorp.com/
	India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO) India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO)is the nodal agency of the Government of India for promoting the country's external trade. ITPO, during its existence of nearly three decades, in the form of Trade Fair Authority of India and Trade Development Authority, has played a proactive role in catalysing trade, investment and technology transfer processes. Its promotional tools include organizing of fairs and exhibitions in India and abroad, Buyer-Seller Meets, Contact Promotion Programmes, Product Promotion Programmes, Promotion through Overseas Department Stores, Market Surveys and Information Dissemination. web site url : http://www.indiatradepromotion.org/
	Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Limited Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Limited, a wholly owned Government of India Enterprise, was established in 1976 to develop the mine and plant facilities to produce 7.5 million tonnes of concentrate per year. The mine and plant facilities were commissioned in 1980 and the first shipment of concentrate was made in October 1981. A pelletisation plant with a capacity of 3 million tonnes per year was commissioned in 1987 for production of high quality blast furnace and direct reduction grade pellets for export web site url : http://www.kudremukhore.com/
	National Fertilizers Ltd NFL was incorporated on 23rd August, 1974 with two manufacturing Units at Bathinda and Panipat. Subsequently, on the reorganization of Fertilizer group of Companies in 1978, the Nangal Unit of Fertilizer Corporation of India came under the NFL fold. The Company expanded its installed capacity in 1984 by installing and commissioning of its Vijaipur gas based Plant in Madhya Pradesh. web site url : http://www.nationalfertilizers.com/
	National Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation (NSTFDC) NSTFDC is the Apex organisation for providing financial assistance for scheme(s)/project(s) for the economic development of Scheduled Tribes. The objectives of NSTFDC are Identification of economic activities of importance to the Scheduled Tribes so as to generate employment and raise their level of income.Upgradation of skills and processes used by the Scheduled Tribes through providing both institutional and on the job training etc. web site url : http://nstfdc.nic.in/
	National Small Industries Corporation Ltd. The National Small Industries Corporation Ltd., an ISO 9001:2000 Company, was established in 1955 by the Government of India with a view to promote, aid and foster the growth of Small Industries in the country. NSIC continues to remain at the forefront of industrial development throughout the country, with it's various programs and projects, to assist the small scale sector in the country. web site url : http://www.nsicindia.com/
	Neyveli Lignite Corporation NLC Limited is an integrated project complex owned by Govt.of India. Liginite excavation and power generation are the core activities of NLC. It has three opencast liginite mines. web site url : http://www.nlcindia.co.in
	Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is a wholly owned Enterprise of the Government of India under the administrative control of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Government of India. It has been incorporated in September 1987 as a Public Limited Company under the Companies Act, 1956 with the objective of undertaking the design, construction, operation and maintenance of the atomic power stations for generation of electricity in pursuance of the schemes and programmes of the Government of India under the provision of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962. web site url : http://www.npcil.org/
	Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) A modest entity in the serene Himalayan settings - Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) was set up as a Commission on August 14, 1956. The company became a corporate on June 23, 1993, which has now grown into a full-fledged horizontally integrated petroleum company. Today, ONGC is a flagship public sector enterprise and India's highest profit making corporate, achieving the record of being the first Indian corporate to register a five digit profit figure of Rs. 10,529 Crore in the year 2002-03. web site url : http://www.ongcindia.com/
	Shipping Corporation of India The Shipping Corporation of India was established on 2nd October 1961 by the amalgamation of Eastern Shipping Corporation and Western Shipping Corporation. Starting out as a marginal Liner shipping company with just 19 vessels, the SCI today has metamorphosed into a giant conglomerate having 83 ships of 4.6 million DWT with substantial interests in 10 different segments of the shipping trade. web site url : http://www.shipindia.com
	Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) is the leading steel making company in India. It is a fully integrated iron and steel maker, producing both basic and special steels for domestic construction, engineering, power, railway, automotive and defence industries and for sale in export markets. web site url : http://www.sail.co.in
	Steel Authority of India Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) is the leading steel-making company in India. It is a fully integrated iron and steel maker, producing both basic and special steels for domestic construction, engineering, power, railway, automotive and defence industries and for sale in export markets. web site url : http://www.sail.co.in/
	The Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) The Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), established in the year 1971 is a major industrial unit of Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India. The complex is responsible for the supply of nuclear fuel bundles and reactor core components for all the nuclear power reactors operating in India. It is a unique facility where natural and enriched uranium fuel, zirconium alloy cladding and reactor core components are manufactured under one roof starting from the raw materials. web site url : http://www.nucfuel.gov.in/default.htm
	Uranium Corporation Ltd Incorporated on 4th October 1967, Uranium Corporation of India ltd, a public sector Enterprise under the Department of Atomic Energy, is at the forefront of the Nuclear Power Cycle. Fulfilling the requirement of Uranium for pressurised Heavy Water Reactors, UCIL plays a very siginificant role in India's Nuclear Power Generation Programme. web site url : http://www.ucilindia.com/

Some most cotroversial books banned in India

Cover of The Satanic Verses

• 1989, Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses was banned in India, as it was in many countries, for its purported attacks on Islam.India was the second country in the world (after Singapore) to ban the book.
• 1990, Understanding Islam through Hadis by Ram Swarup was banned. In 1990 the Hindi translation of the book was banned, and in March 1991 the English original became banned as well.
• A book on Shivaji by Queens University professor Jayant Lele was also banned.as this book raised a question about Shivaji's father.
• Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India by American scholar James Laine.
• Laine's translation of the Sivabharata, entitled The Epic of Shivaji, was also banned. The ban followed an attack by Sambhaji Brigade activists on the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute in Pune. The subsequent governments have not revoked the ban.
• In Punjab the Bhavsagar Granth was banned by the state government, following clashes between mainstream Sikhs and the apostate Sikh sect that produced it. It was said that the granth had copied a number of portions from the Guru Granth Sahib. In one of the photographs it showed Baba Bhaniara, wearing a shining coat and headdress in a style similar to that made familiar through the popular posters of Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth guru of the Sikhs. In another Baba Bhaniara is shown riding a horse in the manner of Guru Gobind Singh^[citat.
• The Polyester Prince - (ISBN 1864484683) a biography of the Indian businessman Dhirubhai Ambani was banned.

Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology Thanjavur

Indian Institute of crop processing technology is a world class R&D and educational institution under the ministry of food processing industries, govt of India

Considering the importance and growth, govt of India has identified food processing as a sunrise sector Indian Institute of crop processing technology (IICPT) offers B.Tech., M.Tech., Doctoral degrees in food process engineering (affiliated to Annamalai university, Tamilnadu)

IICPT has world class teaching, laboratory and research facilities and has tie ups with several Indian and international institutions

Major Nuclear and Chemical Accidents around the globe

Though nuclear power is a good source of energy and is generally not a threat, there have been instances when security measures have failed. Nuclear meltdowns can cause dangerous radiation to escape into the surrounding environment.

1952

Dec. 12, Chalk River, nr. Ottawa, Canada: a partial meltdown of the reactor's uranium fuel core resulted after the accidental removal of four control rods. Although millions of gallons of radioactive water accumulated inside the reactor, there were no injuries.

1953

Love Canal, nr. Niagara Falls, N.Y.: was destroyed by waste from chemical plants. By the 1990s, the town had been cleaned up enough for families to begin moving back to the area.

1957

Oct. 7, Windscale Pile No. 1, north of Liverpool, England: fire in a graphite-cooled reactor spewed radiation over the countryside, contaminating a 200-square-mile area.

South Ural Mountains: explosion of radioactive wastes at Soviet nuclear weapons factory 12 mi from city of Kyshtym forced the evacuation of over 10,000 people from a contaminated area. No casualties were reported by Soviet officials.

1976

nr. Greifswald, East Germany: radioactive core of reactor in the Lubmin nuclear power plant nearly melted down due to the failure of safety systems during a fire.

1979

March 28, Three Mile Island, nr. Harrisburg, Pa.: one of two reactors lost its coolant, which caused overheating and partial meltdown of its uranium core. Some radioactive water and gases were released. This was the worst accident in U.S. nuclear-reactor history.

 

1984

Dec. 3, Bhopal, India: toxic gas, methyl isocyanate, seeped from Union Carbide insecticide plant, killing more than 2,000 and injuring about 150,000.

1986

April 26, Chernobyl, nr. Kiev, Ukraine: explosion and fire in the graphite core of one of four reactors released radioactive material that spread over part of the Soviet Union, eastern Europe, Scandinavia, and later western Europe. 31 claimed dead. Total casualties are unknown. Worst such accident to date.

1987

Sept. 18, Goiânia, Brazil: 244 people contaminated with cesium-137 from a cancer-therapy machine that had been sold as scrap. Four people died in worst radiation disaster in Western Hemisphere.

1999

Sept. 30, Tokaimura, Japan: uncontrolled chain reaction in a uranium-processing nuclear fuel plant spewed high levels of radioactive gas into the air, killing two workers and seriously injuring one other.

2004

Aug. 9, Mihama, Japan: nonradioactive steam leaked from a nuclear power plant, killing four workers and severely burning seven others.

2007

July 17, Kashiwazaki, Japan: radiation leaks, burst pipes, and fires at a major nuclear power plant followed a 6.8 magnitude earthquake near Niigata. Japanese officials, frustrated at the plant operators' delay in reporting the damage, closed the plant a week later until its safety could be confirmed. Further investigation revealed that the plant had unknowingly been built directly on top of an active seismic fault.

2008

February 7, Port Wentworth, Georgia: an explosion fueled by combustible sugar dust killed 13 people and injured several others at the Imperial Sugar plant near Savannah.

Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL)

 

The Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CBI), New Delhi was established in the year 1968 as a scientific department to provide scientific support services in the investigation of crime in Delhi and out side Delhi. The Laboratory is located at Block No.4, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003. CFSL(CBI), New Delhi is a scientific department under the administrative control of CBI and overall control of the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Besides this, the CFSL has Scientific Aids Unit located at CBI Branch in Chennai. The Central Forensic Science Laboratory(CBI), New Delhi today is one of the most comprehensive Laboratories in the country with ten fully equipped Divisions, namely Ballistics, Biology, Chemistry, Computer Forensics, Documents, Finger Prints, Lie Detector Photo & Scientific Aids, Physics and Serology divisions with addition of state-of-the-art laboratory for DNA profiling

. The Laboratory has a sanctioned strength of 119 Scientific Staff and allocated fund in RE (Non-Plan) Rs. 4.42 crore and RE (plan) Rs. 15 lakhs in year 2007-08.CFSL Undertakes the scientific analysis of crime exhibits referred by CBI, Delhi Police, Judiciary, Vigilance Departments of Ministries, Public Undertakings & State/Central Govt. Departments.

The experts of CFSL examine the exhibits forwarded by the Investigating Agencies and render expert opinion and substantiate their opinions in the Court of Law through court testimony and evidence.

CBI is utilizing services of the scientific experts of this Laboratory at the Scene of Crime throughout India for detection of physical clues.

 The Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CBI), New Delhi is committed to deliver the quality work for all its functional disciplines and is an ISO/IEC 17025 Certified laboratory.

ICAO (International Civil Aviation Org.)

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intergovernmental specialized agency associated with the United Nations (UN). Established in 1947 by the Convention on International Civil Aviation (1944), which had been signed by 52 states three years earlier in Chicago, 

the ICAO is dedicated to developing safe and efficient international air transport for peaceful purposes and ensuring a reasonable opportunity for every state to operate international airlines. 

The organization’s permanent headquarters are in Montreal.

The ICAO’s activities have included establishing and reviewing international technical standards for aircraft operation and design, crash investigation, the licensing of personnel, telecommunications, meteorology, air navigation equipment, ground facilities for air transport, and search-and-rescue missions. The organization also promotes regional and international agreements aimed at liberalizing aviation markets, helps to establish legal standards to ensure that the growth of aviation does not compromise safety, and encourages the development of other aspects of international aviation law.

Airports Authority of India (AAI)

Shri V.P. Agrawal ---Chairman

The Airports Authority of India (AAI) was formed on 1st April 1995 by merging the International Airports Authority of India and the National Airports Authority with a view to accelerate the integrated development, expansion and modernization of the operational, terminal and cargo facilities at the airports in the country conforming to international standards. Functions of AAI The functions of AAI are as follows: Design, Development, Operation and Maintenance of international and domestic airports and civil enclaves. Control and Management of the Indian airspace extending beyond the territorial limits of the country, as accepted by ICAO. Construction, Modification and Management of passenger terminals. Development and Management of cargo terminals at international and domestic airports. Provision of passenger facilities and information system at the passenger terminals at airports. Expansion and strengthening of operation area, viz. Runways, Aprons, Taxiway etc. Provision of visual aids. Provision of Communication and Navigation aids, viz. ILS, DVOR, DME, Radar etc.

Air Cargo in INDIA

               The estimated growth of air cargo business in India during 2011-12 is 11.8 per cent.  The growth in air cargo was approximately 5 per cent in 2008-09.  

               Airports Authority of India (AAI)  has  plans to develop cargo handling facilities at Srinagar, Surat and Agartala airports.

               The  airports where cargo handling facility is operated by  Airports  Authority of India (AAI) are Chennai, Kolkata,Guwahati,  Lucknow,  Coimbatore,  Amritsar  and  Indore.  In addition, airports where cargo handling facility is operated by  State  Government  Agencies  / others are Delhi, Mumbai, Amritsar,  Nagpur,  Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Varanasi, Calicut, Visakhapatnam, Trivandrum, Bagdogra, Goa, Cochin, Srinagar, Bhubaneshwar and Tiruchirapalli.

Additional reading--  Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport (MIHAN) project is in  NAGPUR

Chittagong Hill Tracts Conflict (Shanti Bahini Insurgency)

The Chittagong Hill Tracts Conflict was the political conflict and armed struggle between the Government of Bangladesh by the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti (United People's Party of the Chittagong Hill Tracts) and its armed wing, the Shanti Bahini over the issue of autonomy and the rights of the indigenous peoples and tribes of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. The Shanti Bahini launched an insurgency against government forces in 1977, and the conflict continued for twenty years until the government and the PCJSS signed the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord in 1997.

Indira-Mujib Treaty

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The Indo-Bangladeshi Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace was a 25-year treaty that was signed on March 19, 1972 forging close bilateral relations between India and the newly-established state of Bangladesh. The treaty was also known as the Indira-Mujib Treaty, after the signatories of the treaty the Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi and the Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.

 

Expiration of the treaty

The two governments declined to renegotiate or renew the treaty when it was for expiry in 1997.Although initially received enthusiastically by both nations, the treaty with India became subject of resentment and controversy in Bangladesh, which saw it as unequal and an imposition of excessive Indian influence. Issues such as the dispute over water resources of the Farakka Barrage and India's perceived delayed withdrawal of troops began to diminish the spirit of friendship.Sheikh Mujib's pro-India policies antagonised many in politics and the military.  

Assassination of Mujib in 1975 led to the establishment of military regimes that sought to distance the country from India.

Mujib's death led to the establishment of diplomatic relations with Pakistan and other nations that had opposed the creation of Bangladesh, such as Saudi Arabia and the People's Republic of China. Bangladesh was criticised for allowing bases on its territory for anti-India secessionist groups such as the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA), and Bangladeshi intelligence agencies were suspected of maintaining links with Pakistan's intelligence agencies. Bangladesh in turn alleged that India was supporting the Shanti Bahini insurgency in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.

Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)

Gray are the members

Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a multinational body concerned with reducing nuclear proliferationnuclear weapon by controlling the export and re-transfer of materials that may be applicable to development and by improving safeguards and protection on existing materials.

It was founded in 1974 in response to the Indian nuclear test earlier in that year. 

The test demonstrated that certain non-weapons specific nuclear technology could be readily turned to weapons development. 

Nations already signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) saw the need to further limit the export of nuclear equipment, materials or technology. 

Another benefit was that non-NPT and non-Zangger Committee nations, then specifically France, could be brought in.

Functions and powers of UNSC

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Under the Charter, the functions and powers of the Security Council are:

• to maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations;
• to investigate any dispute or situation which mightlead to international friction;
• to recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement;
• to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments;
• to determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to recommend what action should be taken;
• to call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving the use of force to prevent or stop aggression;
• to take military action against an aggressor;
• to recommend the admission of new Members;
• to exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in "strategic areas";
• to recommend to the GeneralAssembly the appointment of the Secretary-General and, together with the Assembly, to elect the Judges of the International Court of Justice.

The Council is composed of five permanent members — China, France, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States — and ten non-permament members (with year of term's end):

SPORTS AND THE TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH THEM

Badminton

Angled Drive Serve, Backhand Low Serve, Bird, Deuce, Double Droup, Fault, Flick Serve, Forehand Smash, Let, Lob, Love All, net Shots, Rush, Smash.

Baseball

Base, Battery, Bunting, Catcher, Diamond, Hitter, Home Infield, Outfield, Pinch, Pitcher Plate, Pullout, Short Stop, Strike.

Basketball

Ball, Basket, Blocking, Dribbling, Free Throw, Held Ball, Holding, Jump Ball, Multiple Throws, Pivot.

Billiards

Baulk Line, Break, Bolting, Cannon, Cue, Hazard, In-off, Jigger, Long jenney, Pot, Scratch, Screw Back, short Stop, Strike.

Boxing

Ausiliary Point System, Babit Punch, Break, Cut, Defence, Down, Hook, Jab, Lying On, Knock, Seconds out, Slam, Upper Cut, Weight In, Win by Knock-out.

Bridge

Auction, Bid, Chicane, Cut, Declarer, Doubleton, Dummy, Finesse, Grand Slam, Little Slam, Notrumps, Over-trick, Revoke, rubber, Ruff, Shuffle, Suit, Vulnerable.

Chess

Bishop, Capture, Castling, Checkmate, En Passant, Gambit, Grand Master, King, Knight, Pawn, Queen, Rook, Stalemate, Under Promoting.

Cricket

Ashes, Banana, Boundary, Bowling, Caught, Chinaman, Cover Drive, Crease, Doosra, Duck, Duckworth-Lewis Rule, Fine Leg, Follow On, Full Toss, Gardening, Googly, Gully, Hat-trick, Hit Wicket, Inswinger, l.b.w., Leg-break, Leg-bye, Leg Glance, late Cut, maiden Over, No Ball, Off Break, On Drive, Out, Outswinger, Over, Mandatory Over, over Pitch, Popping Crease, Rubber, Run Down, Run Out, Short Pitch, Silly Point, Slip, Square Leg, Stone Walling, Straight Drive, Stumped, Short leg, Spin, Swing, Thirdman, Yorker.

Croquet

Hoops, Mallet, Peg Out.

Draughts

Huff

Football

Advantage Clause, Blind Side, Centre Forward, Corner Kick, Dead Ball, Direct Free Kick, Dribble, Goal kick, Golden Goal, Hat-trick, Marking, OffSide, Penalty Kick, Penalty Shootout, Red Card, Striker, Throw In, Tripping.

Golf

Best-ball Foursome, Bogey, Bunker, Caddie, Dormy, Fairway, Fourball, Foursome, Greed Holes, Links, Niblic, Par, Put, Rough, Stymied, Tee, Threesome.

Gymnastics

A-bars, Ariel, Blocks, Cone of Swing, Dish, Flairs, Giants, Inlocate, Kip, Planche, Tariff, Tumble, Virtuosity, Wrap.

Hockey

Advantage, Back-stick, Bully, Cary, Centre Forward, Corner, Dribble, Flick, Free-hit, Goal Line, Green Card, Halfway Line, Hat-trick, Off-side, Red Car, Roll -in, Scoop, Short Corner, Sixteen-yard hit, Square Pass, Stick, Striking Cirele, Tackle, Tie-breaker, Zonal Marking.

Horse Racing

Jockey, Punt, Steeplechase, Thorough Bred.

Judo

Ashi-waza, chui, Dan, Dojo, Gyaku, Hajime, Ippon, Jigotai, Kaeshiwaza, Koka, Makikomi, Nage-waza, O-goshi, Randori, Scarf, Tani-Otoshi, Uchi-komvi, Waki-gatame, Yoshi, Yuko.

Karate

Age Zuki, Ai-uchi, Aka, Chakugan, Dachi, Encho Sen, Fudotachi, Gedan, Geri, Hajime, Ibuki, Jion, Kakato, Koka, Makiwara, Nidan, Obi, Rei, Sanbon, Shiro, Tobigeri, Ude, Waza-ari, Yoko-geri, Zanshin, Zen-no.

Polo

Bunker, Chukker, Mallet.

Rowing

Bow, Bucket, Cow, Ergometer, Feather, Paddle, Regatta.

Rugby Football

A Trackle, Lines, Scrum, Touch, Try.

Shootng

Bag, Bull's Eye, Marksmanship, Muzzle, Plug.

Skiing

Tobogganing.

Swimming

Breast Stroke, Crawl.

Table Tennis

Anti Loop, Backspin, Chop, Loop, Penhold Grip, Push, Spin, Twiddle.

Tennis

Ace, Backhand Stroke, Deuce, Deep Volley, Deuce, Double Fault, Fault, Ground Stroke, Half Volley, Let, Love, Slice, Smash, Volley

Volleyball

Ace, Base-line, Blocking, Doubling, Foot Fault, Heave, Holding, Jump Set, Lob Pass, Love All, Point, Quick Smash, Scouting, Service, Spike, Tactical Ball, Volley, Windmill Service.

Wrestling

Half-Nelson, Head Lock, Heave, Hold, Rebouts, Scissor.

Art,Religion,Culture Quiz

1. In Indian musical terminology, what is the feminine of Raga?

Ans : Ragini

2. What term is used for initiation into Sikhism?

Ans : Pahul

3. In Hindu mythology, what is the name of the auspicious jewel Lord Vishnu wears on a pendant around his neck?

Ans : Kaustubham

4. What name was given to the city of Yathrib by Prophet Mohammed?

Ans : Medina

5. According to legend, which deity was Ved Vyasa's scribe as he dictated the story of the Mahabharata?

Ans : Ganesha

6. Consider the following statements about Sikh Gurus:
1. Banda Bahadur was appointed as the military leader of the Sikhs by Guru Tegh Bahadur.
2. Guru Arjan Dev become the Sikh Guru after Guru Ram Das.
3. Guru Arjan Dev gave to Sikhs their own script- Gurumukhi.

Which of the statements gives is/are correct?
(a) 1 only                 (b) 2 and 3                 (c) 1 and 3                 (d) 1 and 2

Ans : D

7. Who among the following is well known as an exponent of flute?
(a) Debu Choudhuri                     (b) Madhup Mudgal
(c) Ronu Mazumdar                     (d) Shafaat Ahmad

Ans : C

8. Which one of the following four Vedas contains an account of magical charms and spells?
(a) Rig-veda                             (b) Yajur-veda
(c) Atharva-veda                      (d) Sama-veda

Ans : C

9. What is the interval between two 'Maha Kumbh' melas at the same place?
(a) 6 years                 (b) 10 years                 (c) 12 years                 (d) 15 years

Ans : C

10. Who amongst the following is regarded as the historical founder of Jainism?
(a) Mahavira                 (b) Sisunaga
(c) Rishabha                 (d) Gautama

Ans : A

11. Which Ragamala depicts the martial arts by introducing horsemen in battle?

Ans : Nataraga/ Natanarayana

12. What is the name of the elephant which serves as the mount of Lord Indra?

Ans : Airavata

13. Name the sea demoness known for trapping birds by illusion, who tried to obstruct Hanuman on his way to Lanka?

Ans : Simhika

14. Which traditional Asian performing art derives its name from the Japanese words for 'singing', 'dancing' and 'acting'?

Ans : Kabuki

15. Who founded 'Yoga Shastra' the school of Hindu philosophy

Ans : Patanjali

16. Who established Khalsa the Sikh order

Ans : Guru Gobind Singh

17. The Meenakshi temple at Madurai is the monument of
(a) Cholas                    (b) Cheras
(c) Pallavas                  (d) Pandyas

Ans : D

18. Tirupati temple of Lord Venkateswara is situated in which state

Ans : Andhra Pradesh

19. Which indian state banned the forceful religious conversions

Ans : Tamil Nadu

20. Bhagavata Mela is a folk dance of

Ans : Andhra Pradesh

21. The famous Sun Temple is located in which Indian state

Ans : Orissa

22. Pungi is a dance form related to the state

Ans : Himachal Pradesh

23. Garba a popular folk dance is associated with Indian state

Ans : Gujarat

24. Bhangra is the folk dance of which Indian state

Ans : Punjab

25. Who is the director of the Sanskrit film Adi Sankara

Ans : G.V. Iyer

26. Which is the first Sanskrit film produced in India

Ans : Adi Sankara

27. Which is the first talkie film

Ans : The Jazz Singer in 1927

28. Who is known as Barefoot Painter

Ans : M.F.Hussain

29. The Mohiniyattam dance form was developed in which state

Ans : Kerala

30. Which of the following is the most prevalent folk dance of Uttar Pradesh
(a) Naati                          (b) Bhangra
(c) Tamasha                     (d) Nautanki

Ans : D

31. Which of the following is a classical dance form of Andhra Pradesh
(a) Odissi                         (b) Kuchipudi
(c) Kathakali                    (d) Mohiniyattam

Ans : B

32. The role of religion has been
(a) to bring people closer
(b) to provide faith to people in distress
(c) Harmonizing
(d) All the above

Ans : D

33. In which tribe the divorced women is most respected
(a) Korawa of Mizapur                 (b) Santhals
(c) Lushai of Assam                      (d) Khasi tribe

Ans : A

34. The shuddi movement to bring back to the Hindufold people converted to other religions from Hinduism was launched by

Ans : Arya Samajam

35. Which of the following is not a varna (group) of the Aryan society
(a) Vaishyas                     (b) Brahmanas
(c) Shudras                      (d) Sabhas

Ans : D

36. Which of the societies practiced polyandry
(a) Nyinba of Nepal                          (b) Medieval of Europeans
(c) Wodabe of Africa                        (d) Todas of India

Ans : D

37. What is the most essential element of nationality
(a) A common race                                             (b) A common language
(c) A common religion                                         (d) Corporate sentiment

Ans : C

38. Marriage in which the bridegroom gets the bride in exchange of some money
(a) Asura                         (b) Brahma
(c) Rashasa                      (d) Prajapatia

Ans : B

39. A childless widow who could cohabit with her brother-in-law until the birth of a son. This practice was known as
(a) Niyoga                     (b) Levirate
(c) Sororate                   (d) Nantru

Ans : A

40. God created society just as he did the animate and inanimate objects of the world. This view comes from the
(a) Divine Origin Theory
(b) Evolution Theory
(c) Religious Theory

Ans : A

41. Who is considered as the father of Jainism

Ans : Mahavira

42. The oldest Veda is
(a) Atharva Veda                     (b) Rig Veda
(c) Yajur Veda                         (d) Sama Veda

Ans : B

43. Ramakrishna Mission was established by

Ans : Swami Vivekananda

44. The Simhastha Kumbh Mela was held at
(a) Nasik                 (b) Ujjain                 (c) Prayag                     (d) Haridwar

Ans : A

45. Who was the first recipient of a scholarship offered by the Indian Society of Oriental Arts in 1907

Ans : Nandala Bose

46. Who is the director of Pather Pachali

Ans : Satyajit Ray

47. Who was the director of the movie Salaam Bombay

Ans : Mira Nair

48. With which musical instrument is Shiv Kumar Sharma associated
(a) Tabala                 (b) Santoor                 (c) Sitar                 (d) Shehnai

Ans : B

49. Keleucharan Mahapatra was an exponent in

Ans : Odissi

50. Dandiya Ras is a dance form of which state
(a) Kerala                     (b) Bengal                 (c) Gujarat                 (d) Maharashtra

Ans : C

Trade Union in India

Trade Union in India is the primary instrument for promoting the union of trade union movement and championing the cause of working class in India. The Madras Labor Union was the first organized Trade Union in India followed by a large number of trade unions in the Indian industrial centers. The Indian government passed the Trade Unions Act in 1926, which legalized the registered Trade Union in India. The Act also gives protection to these trade unions against certain civil and criminal cases. 

Significant Trade Union in India:

 

There are at present many Trade Union in India which regulates the aspirations of the working classes. The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) is the oldest Trade Union in India and till 1945 it remained the central trade union organization in India. 

 Some others are like -

•  All India Bank Officers Confederation- AIBOC is the premier organization of Bank Officers in India. This Trade Union in India stands apart from the others as it is organized purely on apolitical lines.

• All India State Government Employees Federation- AISGF is a trade union organization representing state employees and teachers of different states in India.
• Center of Indian Trade Unions -CITU is one of the major Trade Union in India, opposing imperialistic intentions and patronizing interest of the working classes.
• Hind Mazdoor Sabha - HMS is a progressive Trade Union in India that prefers to refrain from political control.
• National Confederation of Officer's Association -NCOA represents the managerial and supervisory staff of the Indian government owned public Enterprises.
• Trade Union International - TUI forms a part of the structure of World Federation of Trade Unions, representing the public employees, telecommunication employees, health services, financial sector employees & municipal employees of different countries of the world.

The Trade Union in India is engaged in protesting against the attacks on trade union right, right to strike, right to collective bargaining, reduction of social security, closure of industrial units and massive retrenchment of workers, and the endangering growth of unemployment.

SEWA

Self Employed Women’s Association

SEWA is a trade union registered in 1972.  It is an organisation of poor, self-employed women workers.  These are women who earn a living through their own labour or small businesses.  They do not obtain regular salaried employment with welfare benefits like workers in the organised sector. They are the unprotected labour force of our country.  Constituting 93% of the labour force, these are workers of the unorganised sector.  Of the female labour force in India, more than 94% are in the unorganised sector. However their work is not counted and hence remains invisible.  US Secretary of state Mrs. Hillary Clinton’ visit to “SEWA-Hansiba” at Mumbai , 18th July 2009. US Secretary of State, Mrs. Hillary Clinton visited “Hansiba” the retail shop of SEWA’s Trade Facilitation Center at Napean Sea Road, Mumbai on 18th July 2009. SEWA’s Founder Mrs. Ela Bhatt welcomed her traditionally with a garland made of natural fibers- banana fiber from Nepal, Hemp from Bangladesh and Cotton from Pakistan.